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In the classroom, this approach is a facilitating framework for students to create meaningful connections between concrete, representational, and abstract levels of thinking and understanding. This is the “symbolic” stage, where students are able to use abstract symbols to model problems (Hauser). The teacher uses operation symbols (+, –, x, /) to indicate addition, multiplication, or division. Abstract: In this stage, the teacher models the mathematics concept at a symbolic level, using only numbers, notation, and mathematical symbols to represent the number of circles or groups of circles.In other words, this is the “seeing” stage, using representations of the objects to model problems. Representational:In this stage, the teacher transforms the concrete model into a representational (semi-concrete) level, which may involve drawing pictures using circles, dots, and tallies or using stamps to imprint pictures for counting.In other words, this stage is the “doing” stage, using concrete objects to model problems. Concrete:In this stage, the teacher begins instruction by modeling each mathematical concept with concrete materials.The CRA Instructional Approach is “an intervention for mathematics instruction that research suggests can enhance the mathematics performance of students.” (Hauser) The Approach is a “three-part instructional strategy, with each part building on the previous instruction to promote student learning and retention and to address conceptual knowledge.” (Hauser) The three parts are as follows: What is the Concrete-Representational-Abstract (CRA) Instructional Approach? We need the help of the application programs that are being used to navigate the data.Concrete-Representational-Abstract Instructional Approach Updating the database is a quite difficult and boring task.The network model is a very complex database model, so the user must be very familiar with the overall structure of the database.The network model is considered as an enhancement to the hierarchical database model.Sometimes, the network model is used to build computer network systems.A user can execute a variety of database queries when selecting the network model. The network model allows creating more complex and more strong queries as compared to the database with a hierarchical database model.
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#PICTORIAL MODELS EXAMPLES UPDATE#
The data inconsistency is possible when we update or delete some records.ħ. No problem of inconsistency exists in the Network model. It is easy to implement Many to many relationships. Many to many relationships cannot be expressed in Hierarchical Data Model. It is possible to implement the Many to many relationships. The relationship between records is of the parent-child type.Ī relation(that contains a key for each record involved in the relationship) is used to represent the relationship between records. Pointers or links are used to express the relationship between records.